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Everything about Nepal, topic by topic

A growing, source-cited encyclopedia of Nepal — government and law, economy, geography, society, culture, education, health, history and more. Clear articles built on durable facts.

Articles

100

and growing

Government & law

2079 (2022) Local Election Results: Winning Mayors and Chairs by Party

Nepal's 13 May 2022 (30 Baisakh 2079 BS) local elections filled the heads of all 753 local levels in a single …

Constitution of Nepal 2015: Full Structure, Parts and Schedules

The Constitution of Nepal 2015 (Nepal's seventh constitution) was promulgated on 20 September 2015 (3 Ashwin 2…

Fundamental Rights of Nepal (Constitution Part 3, Articles 16–46)

Part 3 of the Constitution of Nepal (2015) guarantees 31 fundamental rights to every person or citizen, runnin…

Fundamental Duties of Nepali Citizens (Article 48)

Article 48 of the Constitution of Nepal (2015) sets four fundamental duties of every citizen: to safeguard Nep…

Directive Principles, Policies and Obligations of the State (Part 4 of Nepal's Constitution)

Part 4 of the Constitution of Nepal (Articles 49–55) sets out the directive principles, the wide-ranging polic…

The 9 Schedules of the Constitution of Nepal

The Constitution of Nepal (2015) ends with nine Schedules: the first three fix the national symbols (flag, ant…

Division of Powers in Nepal's Federalism: Schedules 5-9 Explained

Nepal's Constitution of 2015 divides governing powers among three tiers using five schedules: Schedule 5 lists…

Constitutional Bodies and Commissions of Nepal

Nepal's 2015 Constitution establishes 13 independent constitutional bodies—including the Election Commission, …

Amendments to the Constitution of Nepal: First (2016), Second (2020) and the Article 274 Procedure

The Constitution of Nepal, promulgated on 20 September 2015, has been formally amended twice: the First Amendm…

Citizenship Under the Constitution of Nepal (Part 2, Articles 10-15): Descent, Birth, Naturalised and Honorary

Part 2 (Articles 10-15) of the Constitution of Nepal 2015 establishes a single federal citizenship and four ro…

Constitution of Nepal vs Constitution of India: A Side-by-Side Comparison

Nepal's Constitution (2015) is a relatively concise document of 35 parts, 308 articles and 9 schedules establi…

How Nepal's Government Works: The Three Branches and Federal Structure

Nepal is a federal democratic republic governed by the 2015 Constitution, which divides power among three bran…

Ministries of Nepal: Complete Directory of Federal Ministries

Nepal's federal executive is run through a set of ministries headed by ministers and coordinated by the Office…

Departments Under Each Ministry of Nepal: A Directory of Government Vibhag

Nepal's federal government is organised into ministries, and most public services are actually delivered by sp…

Federal Parliament of Nepal: House of Representatives and National Assembly Explained

Nepal's Federal Parliament (Sansad) is a bicameral legislature established by the 2015 Constitution: the 275-m…

Nepal Civil Service Hierarchy: Classes, Posts and Gazetted vs Non-Gazetted Ranks

Nepal's permanent civil service (Nijamati Sewa) is structured under the Civil Service Act 2049 (1993) into gaz…

President vs Prime Minister of Nepal: Roles, Powers and List of Office-Holders

Nepal's President is the ceremonial head of state, indirectly elected by an electoral college for a five-year …

National Symbols and Public Holidays of Nepal: The Official Government List

Nepal's national symbols are fixed by the 2015 Constitution: a uniquely non-quadrilateral crimson flag with a …

Prime Ministers of Nepal: Complete List from Bhimsen Thapa to the Present

Nepal's prime ministership runs from the Mukhtiyar Bhimsen Thapa (1806) through 104 years of hereditary Rana r…

Presidents of Nepal

The President of Nepal is the ceremonial head of state of the Federal Democratic Republic, an office created i…

Nepali Political Leaders: A Biographical Directory

A source-cited guide to Nepal's most consequential political leaders — from B.P. Koirala, Ganesh Man Singh and…

How a Prime Minister of Nepal Is Elected and Appointed (Article 76 Explained)

Nepal's Prime Minister is appointed by the President under Article 76 of the 2015 Constitution: first the majo…

Deputy Prime Ministers of Nepal & Notable Ministerial Firsts

Nepal's office of Deputy Prime Minister was created in 1959, with Subarna Shamsher Rana as its first holder un…

How Nepal's Electoral System Works: FPTP + PR Mixed-Member Explained (With Worked Example)

Nepal elects its 275-member House of Representatives through a parallel mixed system: 165 seats (60%) by first…

Nepal General Elections: Full Results Archive, 1959 to 2026

Nepal has held nine national elections to its sovereign legislature — 1959, 1991, 1994, 1999, the 2008 and 201…

Political Parties of Nepal: Directory, Profiles and Election Symbols

Nepal is a multi-party federal democratic republic whose major parties include the Nepali Congress, CPN-UML, C…

Election Symbols of Nepal: A Visual Guide to Party Symbols on the Ballot

In Nepal, every registered political party is assigned a distinct official election symbol by the Election Com…

How to Register as a Voter and How to Vote in Nepal: A Step-by-Step Guide

To vote in Nepal you must be a Nepali citizen, be at least 18 by the cutoff date, and have your name on the el…

Local & Provincial Elections in Nepal Explained: 753 Local Levels, 7 Ballot Positions and the 7 Provincial Assemblies

Below Nepal's federal Parliament sit two elected tiers: 753 local governments (6 metropolitan cities, 11 sub-m…

Nepal's 753 Local Levels: Complete Directory of Municipalities and Rural Municipalities

Nepal is divided into 753 local levels — 6 metropolitan cities, 11 sub-metropolitan cities, 276 municipalities…

Local Levels of Nepal by District and Province

Nepal is divided into 753 local levels — 6 metropolitan cities, 11 sub-metropolitan cities, 276 municipalities…

Types of Local Government in Nepal: Metropolitan, Sub-Metropolitan, Municipality and Rural Municipality

Nepal's third tier of government has four classes of local level — metropolitan city, sub-metropolitan city, m…

What Does My Local Government / Ward Office Do? Powers and Services of Nepal's Local Levels

Nepal's 753 local levels hold 22 exclusive constitutional powers (Constitution Schedule 8) covering local taxe…

How to Get a Birth, Death, Marriage or Migration Certificate from Your Ward Office in Nepal

In Nepal you register births, deaths, marriages, divorces and migrations at your local ward office, where the …

Lok Sewa Aayog (Public Service Commission of Nepal): Profile, Mandate and Office Directory

Lok Sewa Aayog, the Public Service Commission of Nepal, is an independent constitutional body established in 1…

Loksewa Posts and Service Groups: A Directory of Nepal's Civil-Service Positions

Nepal's civil service ("Nijamati Sewa") is organised by the Civil Service Act 2049 (1993) into gazetted and no…

Provincial Public Service Commissions of Nepal (Pradesh Lok Sewa Aayog): Directory of All 7 Provinces

Each of Nepal's seven provinces has its own Provincial Public Service Commission (Pradesh Lok Sewa Aayog), cre…

Nepal Civil Service: Entry Age, Retirement and Service Rules Explained

Nepal's civil service is still governed by the Civil Service Act, 2049 (1993), which sets entry ages of roughl…

Provincial Budgets of Nepal: A Directory of All Seven Provinces' Annual Budgets

Each of Nepal's seven provinces tables its own annual budget in its provincial assembly on Asar 1 (around June…

Nepal Budget Execution: Actual vs Allocated Capital Spending (FCGO Tracker)

Nepal allocates an ambitious capital (development) budget every year but consistently fails to spend it: over …

Audit Irregularities (Beruju) in Nepal: The Auditor General's Outstanding Arrears Explained

"Beruju" is Nepal's term for audit irregularities, money spent or collected without following due legal and fi…

How Nepal's Budget Is Made: Process, Calendar and the Red Book Explained

Nepal's federal budget is built through a year-long cycle: the National Planning Commission sets a medium-term…

Directory of Nepal's Diplomatic Missions Abroad: Embassies, Consulates-General and Permanent Missions

Nepal maintains a worldwide network of diplomatic missions — roughly 32 embassies, around 9-10 consulates-gene…

Foreign Embassies & Diplomatic Missions in Nepal: A Directory

Nepal hosts roughly 25 resident foreign embassies plus the EU Delegation and United Nations system offices, al…

Nepal's Bilateral Relations: Country-by-Country Diplomatic Profiles

Nepal maintains formal diplomatic relations with roughly 180 countries, conducted through its Ministry of Fore…

How to Apply for a Nepali e-Passport: Step-by-Step Guide with Fees, Documents and Status

To get a Nepali e-passport you complete an online pre-enrolment at emrtds.nepalpassport.gov.np, book an appoin…

Nepal Visa Guide for Foreigners: Visa-on-Arrival Fees, Eligible Nationalities and Entry Points

Most foreign nationals can obtain a Nepal tourist visa on arrival, priced at US$30 for 15 days, US$50 for 30 d…

Online Visa and Immigration Services for Nepal: Application, Extension and TIMS/Trekking Permit Guide

Nepal's Department of Immigration runs an online portal (nepaliport.immigration.gov.np) for pre-filling touris…

Nepal's Membership in International and Regional Organisations

Nepal is a member of major global and regional bodies including the United Nations (joined 1955), the Non-Alig…

Nepal and UN Peacekeeping: Missions, Troop Contribution and Global Ranking

Nepal has contributed to United Nations peacekeeping since 1958, deploying more than 150,000 personnel from it…

Honorary Consuls of Nepal Worldwide: Directory, Roles and Consular Services

Nepal supplements its career embassies and consulates-general with a worldwide network of honorary consulates …

Consular Services and Emergency Help for Nepalis Abroad: A Practical Guide

Nepali embassies and consulates abroad, supported by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MoFA) and its Department…

Nagarik App: Complete Guide to Nepal's Government Super-App

The Nagarik App is the Government of Nepal's official mobile "super-app," operated by the Department of Inform…

E-Governance and Online Public Services of Nepal: Directory of Official Government Portals

Nepal delivers a growing range of public services online through official government portals — from the Nation…

How to Apply for Nepal's National ID Card (Rastriya Parichaya Patra) Online: DoNIDCR Step-by-Step Guide

To get Nepal's National Identity Card, you complete a free online pre-enrollment at enrollment.donidcr.gov.np,…

How to Get a Police Clearance Certificate (PCC) Online in Nepal — OPCR Step-by-Step

Nepalis and foreign residents can obtain a Police Clearance Certificate online through Nepal Police's Online P…

Pay Traffic Fines Online in Nepal (E-Challan / Digital Chit): Full Guide

Nepal's e-challan (digital chit) system records traffic violations electronically instead of seizing your phys…

Mero Kitta & NeLIS: View and Print Your Land Map (Naksa) and Field Book Online

Mero Kitta (merokitta.dos.gov.np) is the Department of Survey's online portal that lets Nepali landowners appl…

Companies in Nepal are now incorporated fully online through the Office of the Company Registrar's CAMIS porta…

Loksewa (PSC) Online: How to Register, Apply for Vacancies, Pay the Fee and Download Your Admit Card

Nepal's Public Service Commission (Loksewa Aayog) runs an online recruitment portal where applicants create on…

Paying Government Bills Online via ConnectIPS in Nepal

ConnectIPS is Nepal's bank-account-based e-payment system, operated by the NRB-licensed Nepal Clearing House L…

Digital Signature (DSC) in Nepal: Legal Validity, Licensed CAs, and How to Get One

In Nepal a digital signature certificate (DSC) carries the same legal force as a handwritten signature under t…

Courts of Nepal Directory: Supreme Court, 7 High Courts, 77 District Courts and Tribunals

Nepal has a three-tier judiciary established by the 2015 Constitution: the Supreme Court at the apex, seven pr…

Chief Justices of Nepal: Complete List (1951-Present)

The Chief Justice of Nepal is the head of the country's judiciary, a line that began with Hari Prasad Pradhan …

How to File a Case in Nepal: FIR (Criminal) and Plaint/Firdaad (Civil) Step-by-Step Guide

In Nepal a criminal matter begins with a First Information Report (FIR) lodged free of charge at the nearest p…

Statute of Limitations (Hadamyad / हदम्याद) in Nepal: Filing Deadlines by Case Type

In Nepal the statute of limitations (हदम्याद, hadamyad) sets a deadline within which a case must be filed, and…

National Penal (Code) Act 2074 (Muluki Aparadh Samhita): Offences and Punishments Reference

The National Penal (Code) Act 2074 (Muluki Aparadh Samhita), authenticated on 16 October 2017 and in force fro…

Landmark Supreme Court Verdicts of Nepal: An Annotated Case Digest

Nepal's Supreme Court has shaped the country's rights landscape through landmark rulings — recognizing third-g…

Becoming and Finding a Lawyer in Nepal: Licensing, Advocate Tiers and Bar Bodies

To practise law in Nepal you must hold a law degree and pass the Nepal Bar Council's licensing examination to …

Nepal Army (Nepali Army): History, Structure, Branches and Strength

The Nepal Army (Nepali Army) is the land force of Nepal, tracing its lineage to four units raised by King Prit…

Nepal Police: History, Organization, Departments and Functions

Nepal Police is the country's principal civilian law enforcement agency, formally established under the Police…

Armed Police Force (APF), Nepal: Mandate, History and Border Security

The Armed Police Force (APF), Nepal is a federal paramilitary organisation established on 24 October 2001 unde…

Nepal Police Ranks and Insignia: Full Hierarchy from Constable to IGP

Nepal Police uses a 14-rank hierarchy from Police Constable (Prahari Jawan) up to the Inspector General of Pol…

Nepal Army Ranks and Insignia: Full Hierarchy from Sipahi to Rathi

The Nepali Army (Nepali Sena) uses a three-tier rank system — enlisted "other ranks," junior commissioned offi…

APF (Armed Police Force) Ranks and Insignia: Full Hierarchy with Pay Scale

Nepal's Armed Police Force (APF) uses a 14-rank hierarchy from Constable (Sipahi) up to Inspector General, mir…

Nepal Army vs Nepal Police vs Armed Police Force: What's the Difference?

Nepal maintains three distinct security forces: the Nepali Army (external defence, under the Ministry of Defen…

How to Join Nepal Police: Eligibility, Age Limit, Physical Standards and Selection Process

To join Nepal Police you must be a Nepali citizen who meets the post-specific education, age, height and chest…

How to Join the Nepali Army: Recruitment Categories, Eligibility and Selection

To join the Nepali Army (Nepalese Army), Nepali citizens apply through the Directorate of Recruitment and Sele…

Nepal Social Security Allowance (Samajik Suraksha Bhatta): Complete Guide and Rate Table

Nepal's Social Security Allowance (Samajik Suraksha Bhatta) is a tax-funded, non-contributory cash transfer pa…

Old Age / Senior Citizen Allowance (Bridha Bhatta) in Nepal: Eligibility, Age Rules and How to Apply

Nepal's old-age allowance (Bridha Bhatta) is a monthly social-security cash transfer paid to senior citizens a…

Social Security Fund (SSF) Nepal: The Four Schemes and Benefits Explained

Nepal's Social Security Fund (SSF), created under the Contribution Based Social Security Act, 2074 (2017), poo…

SSF vs Provident Fund vs Old Pension/Gratuity: A Comparison for Nepali Employees

Nepal runs three parallel retirement and social-security tracks: the new contribution-based Social Security Fu…

Foreign Employment Welfare Fund & Mandatory Insurance in Nepal: Benefits, Compensation & How to Claim

Nepal's Foreign Employment Welfare Fund, run by the Foreign Employment Board under the Foreign Employment Act,…

How to Apply for an e-Passport in Nepal: Fees, Documents, Processing Time and Online Pre-Enrolment

To get a Nepali e-passport you pre-enrol online at nepalpassport.gov.np, pay the government fee, then attend a…

Nepal Citizenship Certificate (Nagarikta): Types, Eligibility and the DAO Process

Nagarikta is Nepal's citizenship certificate, issued by the District Administration Office (DAO) under the Chi…

Nepal Tourist Visa & Visa-on-Arrival: Fees, Durations, Extension & Overstay Rules

Most foreign tourists can get a Nepal visa on arrival at Tribhuvan International Airport and major entry point…

Nepal Visa Categories: Types, Legal Basis, Duration & Fee Bands

Nepal issues visas under the Immigration Act 2049 (1992) and Immigration Rules 2051 (1994), which define disti…

National Identity Card (NID/NIN) Registration in Nepal: Free Pre-Enrolment and Biometric Capture

Nepal's National Identity Card (Rastriya Parichaya Patra) is a free, biometric smart card carrying a unique Na…

How to Register for a PAN in Nepal (Personal & Business): Free Online IRD / Nagarik App Guide

A PAN (Permanent Account Number) is the free taxpayer ID issued by Nepal's Inland Revenue Department under the…

Police Clearance Certificate (PCC) Nepal: Free Online OPCR Application and Attestation Chain

A Nepal Police Clearance Certificate is a no-criminal-record document you can apply for free through the Nepal…

District Administration Office (DAO) Nepal: Directory of All 77 Districts for Citizenship, Passport, NID and PCC

The District Administration Office (Jilla Prashasan Karyalaya) is the Ministry of Home Affairs' front-line off…

Document Attestation and Legalization in Nepal for Use Abroad: The MoFA Consular Chain (No Apostille)

Because Nepal is not a party to the Hague Apostille Convention, Nepali documents cannot be apostilled; instead…

Nepali Embassies and Consulates Worldwide: A Directory of Diplomatic Missions and Consular Services

Nepal runs a global network of diplomatic missions — around 32 embassies, 9 consulates-general and 2 permanent…

Nepal Identity & Travel Document Fees: Side-by-Side Comparison Table

A single reference comparing Nepal's core identity and travel documents — e-passport, citizenship certificate,…

Land Tenure and Classification in Nepal: Raikar, Guthi, Kipat, Birta and Jagir

Nepal historically held land under several distinct tenure systems — Raikar (state-owned, taxable land cultiva…

Land Revenue Offices (Malpot) & Survey Offices (Napi) of Nepal: Directory and Services Guide

Nepal's land administration runs through two parallel networks: Land Revenue Offices (Malpot Karyalaya), which…

How to Register & Transfer Land in Nepal — Rajistration & Namsari (Dakhil Kharij)

In Nepal, land ownership only legally changes when the transfer deed is registered (rajistration) at the Distr…

How to Verify a Lalpurja Before Buying Land in Nepal: Due-Diligence Checklist and Red Flags

Before buying land in Nepal, verify the lalpurja (land ownership certificate) by reading every field, cross-ch…

Guthi Land in Nepal: Types, the Guthi Corporation, and the 2019 Controversy

Guthi land is property endowed under Nepal's centuries-old trust system to fund temples, festivals and charity…

Property Partition and Inheritance in Nepal (Ansha Banda) and Women's Land Rights

Ansha Banda is the legal partition of jointly held family property among coparceners under Nepal's National (M…