Sources & methodology

How we built this analysis

We believe public-finance information should be accurate, traceable, and understandable by anyone, not just economists. Here is exactly how this analysis was made and how to read it.

Primary source first

Every headline figure, total outlay, recurrent and capital spending, revenue, grants, loans, and the growth and inflation targets, originates from the Government of Nepal, Ministry of Finance बजेट वक्तव्य (budget speech) for the relevant fiscal year. These are the official documents the Finance Minister presents to the Federal Parliament.

Cross-checked, not copied

Because the official PDFs use legacy Devanagari fonts that are hard to parse, we read the speeches page-by-page and then cross-checked every number against independent reporting and professional budget reviews, The Kathmandu Post, The Himalayan Times, OnlineKhabar, Annapurna Express, Radio Nepal, Nepal Economic Forum and the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nepal (ICAN). A figure is only published here when the sources agree.

A clear line between fact and opinion

The numbers, priorities, tax measures and programs are reported as stated by the government. The “What works / Where it falls short / How it could improve” sections are clearly labelled as Amarnepal's independent analysis, our editorial judgement, not the Ministry's words.

No invented numbers

Where a specific figure is not disclosed in the published summaries (for example, some per-ministry totals that live only in the budget's red-book annexes), we say so rather than estimate. We would rather show a gap than a guess.

Units & comparability

All amounts are in Nepali rupees (NPR). We convert the budget's अर्ब (arba = billion) and खर्ब (kharba = 100 billion) into a consistent “Rs billion” scale. Note that FY 2083/84 merged several ministries, so its per-ministry figures are not directly comparable line-for-line with earlier years.

Full source list

Every source we used

A note on independence. Amarnepal is not affiliated with the Government of Nepal or any political party. This analysis is provided for public understanding and education. For official, legally binding budget documents, always refer to mof.gov.np.